Vimuttimagga

The lost meditation manual of early Buddhism, restored to its own language after fifteen centuries.

Before Buddhaghosa wrote the Visuddhimagga, there was another book: The Vimuttimagga - "The Path of Freedom" -composed by the elder Upatissa around the third or fourth century CE: a working meditation manual, written by a teacher for people who practice, covering the whole of the path from virtue through concentration to the deepest attainments of insight.

The Pāli original vanished.

The book itself survived by a single thread: a single Chinese translation, the 解脫道論, made at the Liang court in 505 CE by the Funanese monk Saṅghapāla. For fifteen hundred years, no one has seen the corresponding Pāli text.

Our edition brings it back.

Working sentence by sentence through the Chinese witness, and setting each passage beside the Visuddhimagga - whose author knew this book intimately, borrowed from it freely, and corrected it silently - we reconstruct the Pāli of all twelve chapters in its entirety. Our method is held to a strict standard in a four-tier typography:

• Bold type - the canon's very words, recovered verbatim from the quotations Upatissa wove into his book, each with its source in the margin: over a hundred passages of Sutta, Abhidhamma, and Paṭisambhidāmagga, verified against the Chaṭṭha Saṅgāyana corpus.
• Recovered text - wording carried into the Visuddhimagga and returned here to its older home, marked with its own siglum.
• Plain reconstruction - the editor's Pāli for the Chinese's sense, argued line by line in the apparatus.
• Open conjecture - marked as such, wherever the Sanghapala is unclear.

A full critical apparatus quotes the Chinese beneath the Pāli throughout, marks every corrupt or doubtful reading with its diagnosis, and records what the comparison uncovered - including passages where the Visuddhimagga's anonymous "Ancients" turn out to be this book's own text, and the debate about fruition-attainment that Buddhaghosa restaged, with Upatissa's own proof-texts, in order to rule against him.

The supporting matter is a study in itself:

• A book-length introduction: the history of the loss and rediscovery; who Upatissa was; the Abhayagiri question and the school politics of fifth-century Ceylon; the dating evidence; and the living meditation traditions that still teach what this book teaches.
• The Reviser's Hand - a closing study of what Buddhaghosa adopted, retouched, reorganised, rejected, and quietly dropped, built from a register of nearly two hundred documented divergences.
• An appendix on the notorious 1963 "Pāli Vimuttimagga," the modern fabrication this edition's methods were designed to answer.
• Glossary, chapter-by-chapter concordance with the Taishō text, and works cited.

For readers of Pāli, students of Buddhist history, and meditators who want the oldest complete manual.